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1998 — INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF OCEAN UNO announced 1998 as International Year of Ocean on the suggestion of UNESCO Interstate Oceanological Commission. The main purpose of this Commission is to strength an attention of public, governments and persons to great significance of oceans and their waters as the base of sustainable development. The purposes of IYO are realization through various programs including national as for example The World Exhibition EXPO’98 in Lisbon (Portugal). The main part IOC program is a signing of OCEAN’S CHARTER by the first persons of states during 1988. It is not a legislative document but a declaration on future Ocean intentions. Russia also elaborated its own plan in all the IYO directions. First of all it was the participation in EXPO’98, and the ATLANTNIRO and the KRUZENSHTERN visits there (see other special article). The World Ocean Museum became the centre of all events, devoted to International Year of Ocean in Kaliningrad. The gathering of a signatures also was begun under a personal version of Ocean’s Chapter by an initiative of Maritime Industry even with the children’s participation. TOWARDS EQUILIBRIUM? In Karlskrona, Sweden, on September 6-13 had been a regular International Forum PAXBALTICA’98. Such a forums are holding here from 1989 under motto "Dialog on peace and security on Baltic". Its main purpose is a representatives meeting of various Baltic countries organizations on most actual today’s questions. From 1996 a prize is awarding for the strengthening of peace on Baltic. This year a prize was awarded to one of the German newspaper DI TSAIT editors Marion Donkhof which was born in Koenigsberg. Very wide circle of program consisted of common meetings, lectures, seminars, expert meetings, cultural arrangements and etc. The Kaliningrad delegation was represented by 4 eleventh-formers from Baltiysk and a dean Safrony, the crew of frontier patrol ship the Jaguar with a Kaliningrad frontier group Lieutenant-General P. Pavlenko at the head and deputy editor Maritime Industry. An author was proud of Russia when official party was delighted and greeted our frontier military actors. But he was disappointed of absence Russian military attache at the round-table conference with schoolchildren, journalists and military attaches from Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Poland despite of an invitation. That is why the speeches about NATO advancement to East of that military attaches were more convincing against teen-agers. Russian events were discussed everywhere, all were anxious the crisis situation there, and therefore they served as a some cause for NATO’s advancement approval. Karlskrona was a closed naval base two years ago, but now it is a big transport and tourist centre and there is all the basis it will be a some capital of Baltic. And it seems to an author , it is necessary to form such a conditions Kaliningrad to be the second point of the Baltic region development. Forum was organized by Defense Association, International Affairs Institute, Karlskrona and Lund Universities, Institute of Education and Journalism on the budget and sponsor means. And there is a some wisdom of money splendid for peaceful people meeting than military preparations. OCEAN — INHERITANCE FOR FUTURE 1998 was proclaimed the Year of Ocean by UNO. From the 22 May to 30 of September 1988 a World Exhibition EXPO-98 has been organized in Lisbon (Portugal), dedicated to the Great Ocean and 500th anniversary Vasko da Gama’s trip from Europe to India. The salt water of World Ocean is 97% of all Earth water. There were 150 pavilions from various countries, a lot of ships and other shows at this exhibition. An author begins his impressions from one of the biggest Russian pavilion with display area 1296 square metres and many famous native participants. A historical part of exposition has been prepared by the World Ocean Museum (Kaliningrad).Two very interesting projects of future 21 century were displayed there: Pure Ice and Sea Start. Kaliningrad had been represented at the EXPO-98 also by research ship the ATLANTNIRO (in June) and barque the KRUZENSHTERN (in August). KALININGRAD AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Such a conference was held on September 8-9 in Kaliningrad on an initiative of Fund Jantar’ and The Institute for East West Studies under regional administration and Duma support. Representatives of seven countries except Russia took part in it. IEWS founded in 1981 is an independent public and political institute, promoting democracy and political integration development, international security, finding a new forms of cooperation. The members discussed the EU expansion influence to Kaliningrad region and concluded: its participation in regional and frontier cooperation is very important both for the peace and stability guarantee in Baltic region and economic revival. The measures were elaborated for the way out of the crisis and the guests declared about their wish to help the population if necessary. KALININGRAD AND RUSSIAN EXTERNAL POLICY After the conference Vladimir Pozdorovkin, Russian Federation Foreign
Ministry working group head on Kaliningrad region answered to some questions
of our correspondent. RUSSIAN-EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ZONE AS A
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE OF THE kALININGRAD REGION DEVELOPMENT A Free economic zone was established here in 1991 which became a Special economic zone in 1996. Thus we have there as one-way traffic street, because all European markets as before are closed for the Russian goods. An author analyzes an economic situation in region and the volume of investments. He tells about Federal special purpose program of development the Special economic zone of Kaliningrad region in 1998-2005 and Regional social and economic program of development to 2000. But a lot of problems will have appeared for the Kaliningrad region after Poland’s and Lithuania’s joining to EU. BANKS OF KALININGRAD REGION: PROBLEMS
AND GROWTH PROSPECTS An author analyzes the reasons of financial crisis in Russia on August 17,1998 and a reaction of its banking system. Its concentration is hypertrophied now,43,6 per cent banks were situated in Moscow on 1.01.1998 with 84,2 % assets of all the banking system. The share of Kaliningrad banks in it is 1,2%.In 1998 here reduced the share of small and medium banks. An analysis of Kaliningrad and Moscow banking structures shows diagram 1. WE SAVE YOUR TIME Last years there was a sustainable growth of air passengers by 4-8% annually. It was due to the increasing living standard in many countries. And also there were many businessmen among passengers. A peculiar boom was experienced also in express-post. But if Far East crisis was not... Many air companies nowadays became bankrupt. SAS carried out for about 20 million passengers in 1997 and had planned to increase the Kaliningrad direction on 8-10% with 6 flights per week, but they are working without profit now, and it is difficult to talk about it in such a situation. But SAS is not going away from Russia until. The Baltic Knot is a sphere of its most interests with St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad flights. And SAS makes all possible to become the best in this region. QUALITY FOR FUTURE SAKE After the USSR disintegration all ship owners of its territory can choose themselves the classification societies when implement international shipping conventions requirements supervision. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping is operating now in accordance with a world standards and is the only with such a variety kinds of service (9 in 1996 and 23 in 1997). It has a plenary powers of 29 states governments for the certification and supervision. In 1996 it was recognized by European Union. In 1584 Russian tsar Ivan Grozny ordered to build the town Arkhangelsk, which for a long time was the only sea port of state. A Russian trade with the British at first and then with the Dutch and Germans begun from this port. It was the only free from blockade port during the WW1 and WW2. The port of Arkhangelsk is the gateway to Arctic and the beginning of the North Passage. Nowadays the Stock Company "Arkhmortorgport" has a development as a multipurpose sea commercial port for the operations with general cargoes, cellulose, cardboard, metal, fertilizer, heavy equipment, loose goods and bulk cargo (B.C.). WHAT MUST BE RUSSIAN FISHERY STRATEGY
DEVELOPMENT ON THE SOUTH BALTIC? There were about 500 fishing vessels in Kaliningrad region in 1991 with the total catch 750 000 tonnes and 38 per cent of its industry share. Due to unprofitable ocean fishery now it is necessary to master fish stocks in the Baltic Sea, especially sector 26 near Kaliningrad region with estimated catch 90 000 tonnes and to buy or to build for this purpose 70-80 modern small fishing trawlers. The author gives a positive analysis for fishery development in Kaliningrad region during nearest 5-6 years. He proposes to establish Kaliningrad region the Baltic Sea Fishery Association for coordination and service additionally on a base of one big fishing enterprise. SEA VESSELS ESTIMATE: PROBLEMS OF ADVANCE
AND THE USE PRACTICE There was completed really the first stage of independent estimate institute creation in Russia. In 1994 Kaliningrad regional section was opened. Sea vessels estimation procedure stipulates commission into calculations the vessel’s efficiency rebuilding coefficient. It is a complicated function, which depends, for example, of vessel’s technical use possibility, its technical condition, its use external alteration and many others. An estimator can obtain the full restoration ship’s cost if uses the methods of Kaliningrad State Technical University scientists. Appeal of delegates to a fish industry Congress of Russia to President of Russian Federation, Chairman of Government, Chairman of Federation Council, Chairman of State Duma p. 38 SPECIAL AUXIETY (on GMDSS) On the 1st of February 1999 is the last term of GMDSS equipment fitting according to SOLAS-74(88). But only 9 ships of 300 registered in Kaliningrad were equipped GMDSS in June 1998. At the Baltic Marine Training Center was elaborated a special analysis GMDSS communication equipment of the Kaliningrad market. The list of radio equipment required is divided into 4 GMDSS sea areas. This article and its plates will help ship owners and radio staff to choose rightly the necessary radio communication equipment in accordance with GMDSS technical requirements. ESTONIAN FISHERMEN IN A MARKET'S CONDITIONS
Estonia was the first in former USSR in later 80s to rebuilt the structure of fishing industry.There had been a large fishing fleet of state enterprise "Ocean" and a lot of fishing collective farms with the most fishery in Atlantic and in the Barents and the Baltic Seas. In the times of Gorbachev's restructuring the state enterprises and collective farms began to turn into joint-stock companies. This process was forced after the state's sovereignty. "Ocean" failed the competition with them and became the bankrupt. There are only not more 10 fishing firms working ocean , but the lion's share of catch make 220 cutters, which land around Baltic herring, sprat and cod. However despite of leading positions between Baltic states, Estonian fishermen have many problems, as says the president of Estonian fishermen Union Toyvo Orgusaar. MAURITANIA'S COASTAL FISHERY Fishery is one of the main source of revenue in Mauritania. It is a country of fishermen who use primitive methods. Only small part of catch is used for their families. Some of it is selling fresh, salted and dried for inner areas as "gedge" (without salting before). Imragenes as social -professional unity even use the help of dolphins when fishing. Their catch consists mainly of grey mullets, sea breams, sharks, langoustes, soles and others. UNINVITED GUESTS An author investigates a problem of water kinds introductions. One of the main way of their removing is a ballast transport and the ships accumulations. Thus the marine transport became more powerful factor of organisms settling, and its influence degree is growing continuously. This can have great consequences, make a great economic damage and ecological balance violation such as at North America the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. The Baltic Sea affected this problem also, there are for about 80 kinds of introductions in its waters as scientists believe. SEA TOWN BALTIYSK — THE CENTRE OF
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ATTRACTION Baltiysk is the main gate-way of Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea. Now it is gradually transits from closed naval base to town with a civil structure. Soon it will turns into sea port with a recreation and tourist centre. But it will be possible only under the circumstances of positive democratic and economic changes in Russia and if NATO will not approach to its borders. Baltiysk is the member of the Baltic Cities Union and a founder of the Euroregion Baltic. The small and medium business are widely developed there. Simultaneously here is an attractive place for the tourist centre creation. A new framed plan of the town’s development had been completed now by German specialists under TACIS financial support. But it is necessary to continue the works for extent projecting with an international participation. There is an idea to design and to build in town Danish, German, Swedish, Russian and French streets both with 100% foreign capital enterprises and joint ventures. A mission of Baltiysk will be to ensure the transit tourist streams in three main directions to Lithuania, Poland and Russia. It is a high time now to start the works for creation the contemporary beautiful Baltic town which will be the attraction centre of international tourism. TOURISM ON ISLAND OLAND Tourism is a growing and very important industry in Sweden for employment and economy, for private companies and for municipal administration. A lot of many reserves had been established to save unique organisms and biotopes for future generations. Some places are very attractive, and an island Oland with the population of 25000 people is one of them. Its attractiveness is what nature had created as climate and sandy beaches, and as an unusual very varied landscape, where an alvar is the first. CONCEPTION OF CREATION THE KALININGRAD
REGIONAL ARTISTIC ARTICLES AND NATURAL OBJECTS AMBER COLLECTION
According to the Head's regional administration resolution of December 31, 1997, a works for scientific reconstruction of an amber artistic articles from the King's Castle Museum and Koenigsberg amber collection and creation the collection of modern amber articles were begun. They will consist the base of Kaliningrad regional amber collection of artistic articles and natural objects or Amber collection. It will be including additionally 3 collections else: unique amber creations, raw amber patterns and amber collection with an organic inclusions.
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SUMMARY
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